Marketing Theories Applicable in Marketing Free Essay Example, 1000 words

The Bowman s Strategy Clock is a marketing strategy that marketers use in introducing a product in the market. The tool provides marketers with an exclusive view of their brand s performance thus comparing such with the performance of the other brands in the market. The consumer often has numerous choices whenever they want to purchase a product from the market, this implies that a marketer must position his brand strategically often comparing the placement of the other brands in order to determine a scoop (Ansoff, 1965). The cock provides three generic strategies that provide marketers with a competitive edge. Such are market segmentation, product differentiation, and cost leadership. The marketers of the mobile phones must, therefore, analyze the essence of the above factors thereby introducing a brand that enjoys an effective competitive edge. Among the basic elements of the marketing mix are price, place, product, promotion, and profit among others. The elements are features of the product that will influence the behavior and attitudes of the target market. The product in this context is the mobile phone; the phone should have particular features that will increase its preference in the market. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Theories Applicable in Marketing or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now The company should diversify the product in order to increase the base of its target market diversification helps increase the target base by ensuring that the products befit the requirements of numerous target consumers (Curry, 1999). The quality of the product validates the price among other features that the consumers often consider before purchasing a product. A mobile phone is a necessary product in contemporary society. However, the marketers must incorporate appropriate features and specifications into the mobile phone in order to ensure that the phone addresses the needs of the target customers. Promotion refers to the process of increasing the visibility of any product. The marketers must employ appropriate and efficient media in promoting the product.

The Economics Behind Drug Trafficking and Cartels in...

Imagine living everyday of your life in constant fear. You wake up never knowing for sure what terrible acts of violence and injustice you will encounter, how many people you personally know will die – or if you yourself will die. Imagine that there is no escaping this fear, no one to say everything is going to be alright, and worst of all, no hope. This is the common life of many citizens who live in Mexico, specifically in areas where drug cartels are present. The war against drug trafficking is an ever-present problem, and is seemingly always growing more violent as the cartel’s and gangs power. Drugs are obviously not a constructive product, and countries such as Mexico are suffering in terms of image, prosperity, safety and†¦show more content†¦This study will also attempt to look for reason why drug trafficking and the subsequent violence is so prevalent in certain places, while also trying to find solutions to abate the power of the cartels and drug lord s, and work towards eliminating the morbid amounts of violence and corruption seen both in Mexico and western Africa. Mexico’s Cartels Their Power The almighty and powerful force behind the drug trafficking business is drug cartels. There are many different rival cartels in Mexico, and they collectively are the source of much of the violence that takes place in the country. The cartels are very smart, and very dangerous. They will do almost anything to make sure that their business of transporting illegal drugs does not go interrupted. The cartels have been known to use live dogs and young kids as unknowing drug carriers. They have no concern for what is wrong, and what is right, only what is best for them. This is why they are so dangerous, and this is why they have such an impact. This is why in Ciudad Juarez, Mexico, there were 1,652 reported murders in 2008 and almost twice that amount the next year, whereas Los Angeles, a notorious crime-laden city in the United States, had 384 murders in 2008 and 312 the next year (Bowden). The source of the enormous murder rate in Mexico is easily att ributed to the violent cartels. But, what is the reason for all of this bloodshed? The simple answer is money. The Violence

Proyecto de aula ica.docx Essay Example For Students

Proyecto de aula ica.docx Essay UNIVERSIDAD ESTATAL DE MILAGRO NIVELACIN DE CARRERA2015-2016ENSAYO CRTICO VALORATIVO. TEMA: LAS REDES SOCIALES EN LA JUVENTUDAUTORES: BRYAN CARLOS PALMA DIAZNOHELIA ESTEFANIA RODIGUEZ VIEJPROFESORA: RIPALDA ASENCIO VICENTA JBIKALAS REDES SOCIALES EN LA JUVENTUD Asunto: Las redes sociales y su impacto en la juventud Objetivo: Establecer las ventajas y desventajas que tiene el uso que hacen los jvenes en las redes socialesIntroduccinEn el presente escrito se abordaran temas relacionados al uso de las redes sociales por la juventud actual, haciendo referencia a como se originaron estas y cmo funcionan, basndonos en la teora que los jvenes publican todo lo que hacen y lo que les sucede da con da, si analizar si es correcto o incorrecto filtrar tanta informacin personal en canales pblicos, en donde cualquier persona lo podr observar. Los jvenes actan por estmulos los cuales el hacerlos ver ms populares son ms aceptados por los dems y crear un grupo grande en cualquier red social los hace ms conocidos y el aceptar las invitaciones de todo aquel que se las enva para agregarse a su grupo de amigos les crea una falsa imagen de popularidad. Las redes sociales son una herramienta muy til en la actualidad, pero el uso desmedido y mal administrado de estas podra traer serias consecuencias a la vida de cada persona que se somete a los avances tecnolgicos de la actualidad. DESARROLLOSu origen es difuso y su evolucin acelerada. No existe consenso sobre cul fue la primera red social, y podemos encontrar diferentes puntos de vista al respecto. Por otro lado, la existencia de muchas plataformas se cuenta en tiempos muy cortos, bien sabido es que hay servicios de los que hablamos hoy que quiz maana no existan, y otros nuevos aparecern en poco tiempo. Su historia se escribe a cada minuto en cientos de lugares del mundo. Lo que parece estar claro es que los inicios se remontan mucho ms all de lo que podramos pensar en un primer momento, puesto que los primeros intentos de comunicacin a travs de Internet ya establecen redes, y fueron las semillas que dieron lugar a lo que ms tarde sern los servicios de redes sociales que conocemos actualmente, con creacin de un perfil y lista de contactos. Por todo ello, vamos a plantear su historia contextualizada mediante una cronologa de los hechos ms relevantes del fenmeno que suponen las redes sociales basadas en Internet . 1971. Se enva el primer e-mail entre dos ordenadores situados uno al lado del otro. 1978. Ward Christensen y Randy Suess crean el BBS (Bulletin Board Systems) para informar a sus amigos sobre reuniones, publicar noticias y compartir informacin. 1994. Se lanza GeoCities, un servicio que permite a los usuarios crear sus propios sitios web y alojarlos en determinados lugares segn su contenido. 1995. La Web alcanza el milln de sitios web, y The Globe ofrece a los usuarios la posibilidad de personalizar sus experiencias on-line, mediante la publicacin de su propio contenido y conectando con otros individuos de intereses similares. En este mismo ao, Randy Conrads crea Classmates, una red social para contactar con antiguos compaeros de estudios. Classmates es para muchos el primer servicio de red social, principalmente, porque se ve en ella el germen de Facebook y otras redes sociales que nacieron, posteriormente, como punto de encuentro para alumnos y ex-alumnos. 1997. Lanzamiento de AOL Instant Messenger, que ofrece a los usuarios el chat, al tiempo que comienza el blogging y se lanza Google. Tambin se inaugura Sixdegrees, red social que permite la creacin de perfiles personales y listado de amigos, algunos establecen con ella el inicio de las redes sociales por reflejar mejor sus funciones caractersticas. Slo durar hasta el ao 2000. Breast Cancer EssayCuando una persona crea una cuenta de red social tiene que llenar todos los campos requeridos entre ellos sus datos personales y luego aceptar las polticas y condiciones del proveedor, pero realmente cada persona que apertura su cuenta se tomara el tiempo necesario para leer a que estar expuesta su informacin. Un ejemplo de manipulacin de informacin es lo que hace MySpace, con frecuencia trabaja con la polica para tratar de evitar incidentes, tambin se utilizan para realizar investigaciones penales y jurdicas obteniendo informacin para enjuiciar a usuarios de dichos sitios. De qu manera afectan las redes sociales a los jvenes?El peligro ms grande y que no miden los jvenes es la forma que las redes sociales manejan la informacin personal de sus agremiados, esto porque al rellenar el perfil con informacin personal se puede hacer uso inadecuado de esos datos dando lugar a robo de identidad, amenazas depredadores sexuales, virus, Spamming, y hoy en da muy de moda en el pas las extorciones. Cuando un joven se hace adicto a las redes sociales y depende de ellas le podra causar deficiencia acadmica o laboral, llevndolo a extremo de reprobar sus materias o perder su empleo por no rendir al cien por ciento en sus obligacionesConclusinSe recomienda siempre que se cree una cuenta de red social tomar todas las medidas de seguridad posibles, como agregar solo a amigos reales que t los conoces y no andan en cosas indebidas, no colocar tu informacin real como donde vive y trabaja, y tambin mantener un perfil privado donde la informacin proporcionada la publico sea mnima. Tambin se recomienda aprovechar los recursos de la tecnologa como las redes sociales para informar de temas concretos a la sociedad y no de acontecimientos vanos cono que si a su amigo se le cay la ua. Las redes sociales tambin pueden ser educativas si se publican estudios e investigaciones importantes que le puede servir a muchas personas para mejorar su situacin. La ultima pero no menos importante hay que valorizar si depender de una red social podra traer consecuencias no favorables que le puedan afectar en su futuro acadmico y laboral. Linkografia pepowen, Mexico, Redes Sociales!!! http://www.taringa.net/post/apuntes-y-monografias/15553436/Redes-Sociales-ensayo.htmlMax W, Cul fue la Primera Red Social en Internet?http://curiosidadesofworld.blogspot.com/2009/11/cual-fue-la-primera-red-social-en.html Instituto Nacional de Tecnologas Educativas y Formacin del Profesorado http://recursostic.educacion.es/observatorio/web/es/internet/web-20/1043-redes-sociales?start=2

Understanding Goals of Human Resource Management in the Context of Human Capital Theory

Labor economics currently depends on several marketable skills of employees that invest in various spheres of organizational activities. This dimension of human resource management is essential for understanding both the wage system and investment incentives.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Understanding Goals of Human Resource Management in the Context of Human Capital Theory specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The theory of human capital, therefore, states that human resources are represented through a set of â€Å"skills, experience, and knowledge have economic value to organizations because they enable it to be productive and adaptable† (Jackson 1995, p. 241). In this respect, people working in organization become the part of its intellectual capital. The full potential of human capital can be fulfilled only through cooperation with an individual. In order to establish favorable relations with individuals , much spending should be directed in training motivating and retaining human capital. Managers should be concerned with different human resource management approaches contributing to increasing the value of their human capital. It should also be stressed that contextual factors, including technology, unions, market conditions, and business approaches are significant because they have a direct impact on the costs linked to alternative methods of HRM practices to enhance the value of the human capital of the organization, as well the value of the anticipated returns. Applications of Human Capital Theory to HRM Practices The standard strategy in labor distribution considers human capital as a set of characteristics that contributes to an employees’ productivity. Human capital, therefore, should rely on efficient methods and techniques that would enhance the intellectual property of an organization. At the same time, there are different views on application of the theory in huma n resource management practices.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Becker’s conception, human capital theory should be regarded in the context of the production process. To enlarge on the issues, the theorist suggests that social capital promotes worker’s productivity in all fields, but to a different extent with regard to the type of organizational activities and situations, a work is involved (Becker 1994). Within these perspectives, human capital theory is presented as a one-dimensional object and the work labor is considered as a set of knowledge, skills, and experiences which directly affects organization’s production rates (Becker 1994). The importance of investing into intellectual development is equal to the investment made in technological and material development of an organization. Human capital theory can also be estimated from var ious angles and, therefore, it cannot be considered as one-dimensional only. In this respect, theorist Garner agrees with the ideas of multidimensionality of the human capital. In particular, the scholar believes that such an approach would enhance the correlation between physical and mental abilities of employees. Gardner’s views human capital through the perspective of multiple intelligences according to which intelligence cannot be regarded as a single ability, but a set of specific modalities, cognitive abilities that allow managers to define in which sphere an employee can contribute most. It also defines the learning and training programs for the personnel. Such an approach is much more beneficial because it identifies which skills are the most developed among the individuals and which ones are the least developed.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Understanding Goals of Human Resource Management in the Context of Human Capital Theory specifically f or you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There is also an assumption that human capital implies the capacity to adjust to situations (Shultz 1972). The supporters of this approach argue that social capital theory is beneficial while dealing with constant changing environments to which employees had to adjust. Inventing techniques to handling changes also contributes to promotion of intellectual capital, as well as to the overall productivity and performance of an organization. Finally, human capital can be represented through the ability of employees to cooperate and interact in a corporate environment. Such a perspective entails adherence to the principles established by organizational culture (Bowles and Gintis 1975). According to this view, the main task of human capital theorist is to provide individuals with right missions and goals that would allow them to achieve their personal goals as well. Finally, human capital theory can focus primarily on the individual capabilities, skills, and experiences beyond the production process. Person-centered approach, therefore, has acquired recognition due to globalization emphasizing importance of cultural diversity issues. Thus, organizational activities and intelligence should first be considered independently to define the intellectual potential of employees. All the above-enumerated applications of human capital theory highlight the necessity of its integration into human resources management practices. The approaches should be considered in combination to grasp a deeper understanding of the theory.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Organizations should pay much attention to the organization’s mission, goals, and objectives that should be oriented on enhancing corporate social responsibility rather than increasing organization’s profitability. Indeed, focusing on human capital improvement can expand the horizons of marketing approaches because of wider contexts involved into the process. One way or another, workers’ characteristics must be tackled in the workplace. Moral and Ethical Implications of the Human Capital Theory Due to the fact that human capital theory relates directly to the analysis of intellectual capital, it also closely correlates with the moral and ethical principles of organizational behavior. In fact, considering ethics in business environment is essential because it contributes tremendously to economic success of an organization. Human capital management should strongly rely on moral dimensions, which includes such issues as insecurity and risk, along with surveillance and control. Thus, employees often encounter stressful situations because of the responsibilities imposed on them. Therefore, managers should be able to create an environment that would minimize the stress. According to Koster (2007), â€Å"†¦management seeks for transparent employees in order to select those offering not only outstanding professional abilities and knowledge but also displaying desired behavior, attitudes, motivation, and interests† (p. 5). Consequently, the contemporary practices in HRM introduce a set of techniques promoting the privacy and autonomy policies for employees, as well as enforcing values and attitudes by means of change programs. The ethical underpinnings of human capital theory can be interpreted through the prism of gender inequality in the workplace. In this respect, Peil (2009) argues, â€Å"human capital theory, especially as applied to gender inequality, can be interpreted as emphasizing a utilitarian approach to ethics, in which in dividuals’ subjective assessment of their well-being is not challenged† (p. 92). In this respect, both minority groups face challenges while pursuing their personal goals in an organization. With regard to the above-presented applications of human capital theory, particularly to the views of Gary Becker, discrimination is among the most serious concerns in the employed environment. According to Becker, there are two types of discrimination – discrimination in monetary terms and statistical discrimination (Peil 2009). The latter, according to the theorist, is unethical because it is premised on using characteristics related with groups that replace information about separate individuals (Peil 2009). As a result, managers ignore outdated information, which leads to inadequate generalization. The human capital should not be regarded as the intellectual property in which monetary and financial investment should be made. Rather, human capital should also be considered a cultural asset of the company which enriches and improves its corporate culture. Managers should pay particular attention to the encouragement and development of effective network within which employees could enhance their experiences, skills, and abilities. More importantly, they should also feel that their valuable members of the organization. Accepting human resources as cultural capital contributes indirectly to organizational performance through enlarging organizational values and objectives. The development of efficient human resources methods should ensures perfectly organized work of individuals who are aware of their roles and responsibilities. Therefore, human capital theory integrates the concept of social capital underlining the importance of cross-cultural understanding and trust among the employees. Alternatively, lack of cultural understanding and ignorance of ethical norms can lead distrust. In fact, â€Å"the more opportunistic people become with their â€Å"bo unded economic rationality†, the less trustworthy they are†, which contributes to the deployment of corruption and bureaucracy (Werhane and Singer 1999, p. 148). Therefore, such moral values as trust and respect should become the foundation of an organization. The productivity of workers is associated with not only their abilities and skills, as well as the amount of investment in their development and learning, but also on their motivation, and aspiration to work. Managers should recognize the fact that â€Å"motivation in turn partly depends on earning because of the effect on an increase in earnings on moral and aspirations† (Becker 1994, p. 57). Therefore, the incentive to develop moral in organization and increase earnings should depend on the same incentives to encourage outside investments. Therefore, both material and non-material investment into the development of employees can have a positive impact on the organizational development as well. Despite the assumption that business should not be concerned with ethics, human behavior cannot be adjusted to rational decision making only. In this respect, organizational behavior relies on a set of factors, including social and cultural backgrounds, ethical belief systems, and moral obligations. In fact, previous considerations on the theory of human capital prove that lack of or poor ethical standards does not contribute to the development of the corruption-free organizational system, as well as to fair cooperation between supervisors and their subordinates. According to Rose (n. d.), â€Å"Ethical business creates a positive environment in which to buy and sell, like corruption, poverty, and lack of respect for the environment generate problems for the business community in the long term† (p. 28). The excellence of business operations, therefore, is congruent with the success of the developed code of ethical conduct, which highly relevant for today’s globalized business worl d. Ethical perspectives of business development are closely associated with the underpinnings of human capital theory. Such a perspective is highly relevant due to the global trends in business community. This is of particular concern to the development of international standards of ethical codes that should be the guiding principle in an organization. More importantly, human capital theory significantly contributes to the development of morale because it is connected with exploring human behavior and its influence on human resource management. Sustainability of Human Capital Theory Human capital theory has a strong theoretical and empirical foundation because of the growing tendency to apply individual-centered approach while carrying on business. More importantly, the international standards are prone to establishing social welfare as a priority in a corporate world. In particular, social corporate responsibility provides new perspectives of developing relations between managers a nd employees because it directly related to the welfare of the entire organization (Ehnert 2009). In particular, an employee can be considered as an essential stakeholder contributing the development of business. Managers, therefore, should rely on social capital theory while developing new techniques and approaches to treating human resources. The sustainability of human capital theory also lies in the possibility of considering employees not as a workforce for achieving organizational goals, but also an intellectual asset that should be invested and advanced for the welfare of the business. Within these perspectives, considering cultural diversity, ethics, and morale should be at the core of organizational development, apart from profitability and productivity (Ehnert 2009). Appreciation of human capital can also allow an organization to take a competitive advantage over other organizations with poor ethical and moral standards. Sustainable work systems and favorable relations bet ween the employees contribute to the establishment of corporate environment. Applying to human capital theory does not only allow managers to develop a reputable image of an organization but discover new horizons for development. Therefore, the theory of human capital is a valuable contribution to social resource management techniques. Understanding human capital theory as the study of multiple intelligences can provide new methods of exploring employment and recruitment. It also enhances retention culture and reduces the turnover within an organization. Finally, human capital theory contributes to integrating efficient methods of measuring employee performance. Reference List Becker, GS 1994, Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis, with Special Reference to Education, University of Chicago Press, US. Bowles, S, and Gintis, H 1975, The Problem with Human Capital Theory – A Marxian Critique, American Economic Review, vol. 62, no. 2, 74-82. Ehnert, I 2009, Sustaina ble Human Resource Management: A Conceptual and Exploratory Analysis from a Paradox Persuasive, Springer, New York. Gardner, HE 2006, Multiple Intelligences: New Horizons in Theory and Practice, Basic Books, US. Jackson, SE 1995, ‘Understanding Human Resource Management in the Context of Organizations and Their Environments’, Annual Reviews of Psychology, vol. 46, pp. 237-264. Koster, M 2007, Ethics in Human Resource Management, GRIN Verlag, US. Peil, J 2009, Handbook of Economics and Ethics, Edward Elgar Publishing, US. Rose, A, n. d., ‘Ethics and Human Resource Management’, Ethics in Business Environment, 27-40. Viewed on http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/dl/free/0077111028/536508/EHR_C02.pdf Shultz, TW 1972, Human Capital: Policy Issues and Research Opportunities, University of Chicago, viewed on https://www.nber.org/chapters/c4126.pdf Werhane, R, and Singer AE 1999, Business Ethics in Theory and Practice: Contributions from Asia and New Zealand. Spr inger, New York. This essay on Understanding Goals of Human Resource Management in the Context of Human Capital Theory was written and submitted by user 3-D Man to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Percy Julian, Improved Synthesized Cortisone Inventor

Percy Julian, Improved Synthesized Cortisone Inventor Percy Julian (April 11, 1899–April 19, 1975) synthesized physostigmine for the treatment of glaucoma and synthesized cortisone for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Julian is also noted for inventing a fire-extinguishing foam for gasoline and oil fires. Julian also synthesized the female and male hormones, progesterone and testosterone, by extracting sterols from soybean oil and received dozens of honors over the course of his career, and after his death, related to his scientific work. Fast Facts: Percy Julian Known For: Synthesized physostigmine for treatment of glaucoma and cortisone for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis; invented a fire-extinguishing foam for gasoline and oil firesAlso Known As: Dr. Percy Lavon JulianBorn: April 11, 1899 in Montgomery, AlabamaParents: Elizabeth Lena Adams, James Sumner JulianDied: April 19, 1975 in Waukegan, Illinois  Education: DePauw University (B.A., 1920), Harvard University (M.S., 1923), University of Vienna (Ph.D., 1931)Published Works: Studies in the Indole Series V. The Complete Synthesis of Physostigmine (Eserine), Journal of the American Chemical Society (1935). Julian also published dozens of articles in scientific journals.Awards and Honors: Chicagoan of the Year (1950), The â€Å"Percy L. Julian Award for Pure and Applied Research in Science and Engineering,† presented annually by the National Organization for the Professional Advancement of Black Chemists and Chemical Engineers since 1975, was created and is named in his honor , National Inventors Hall of Fame (1990), The United States Postal Service issued a stamp honoring Julian in 1993, The American Chemical Society recognized Julians synthesis of physostigmine as a National Historic Chemical Landmark (1999)Spouse: Anna Roselle Johnson (m. Dec. 24, 1935–April 19, 1975)Children: Percy Lavon Julian, Jr., Faith Roselle JulianNotable Quote: I dont think that you can possibly embrace the kind of joy which one who has worked with plants and plant structures such as I have over a period of nearly 40 years, how wonderful the plant laboratory seems. Early Life and Education Julian was born in Montgomery, Alabama, on April 11, 1899. One of six children born to Elizabeth Lena Adams and James Sumner, and the grandson of former slaves, Julian had little schooling during his early years. At that time, Montgomery provided limited public education for Blacks. Julian entered DePauw University as a sub-freshman and graduated in 1920 as class valedictorian. Julian then taught chemistry at Fisk University, and in 1923 he earned a masters degree from Harvard University. In 1931, Julian received his Ph.D. from the University of Vienna. On Dec. 24, 1935, Julian married Anna Roselle, who would go on to earn her own Ph.D. in sociology in 1937 from University of Pennsylvania. They remained married until Julians death in the mid-1970s. Major Achievements Julian returned to DePauw University, where his reputation for inventing was established in 1935 when he synthesized physostigmine from the Calabar bean. In a series of articles published in the Journal of the American Chemical Society over the course of three years, Julian and his assistant, Josef Pikl, explained how they made physostigmine synthetically. This was a key step in the development of the anti-glaucoma drug physostigmine that is used to this day. Julian went on to become director of research at the Glidden Company, a paint and varnish manufacturer. He developed a process for isolating and preparing soybean protein, which could be used to coat and size paper, to create cold water paints, and to size textiles. During World War II, Julian used a soy protein to produce Aerofoam, which suffocates gasoline and oil fires. Julian was noted most for his synthesis of cortisone from soybeans, used in treating rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory conditions. His synthesis reduced the price of cortisone. Julian was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 1990 for his Preparation of Cortisone for which he received patent No. 2,752,339. Julian also synthesized the female and male hormones, progesterone and testosterone, by extracting sterols from soybean oil. Julian received dozens of patents over the course of his career related to his scientific work. Later Years and Death In 1954, Julian left Glidden and that same year founded his own firm, Julian Laboratories, Inc. He ran the company until selling it in 1961, becoming a millionaire in the process. In 1964, Julian founded Julian Associates and Julian Research Institute, which he managed for the rest of his life. Julian died April 19, 1975, in Waukegan, Illinois. Legacy Julians many honors include election to the National Academy of Sciences in 1973 and 19 honorary doctorates. He was the first recipient of DePauws McNaughton Medal for Public Service. In 1993 the U.S. Postal Service issued the Julian stamp in the Black Heritage Commemorative Stamp series. In 1999, the city of Greencastle renamed First Street to Percy Julian Drive. Also in 1999, on April 23, DePauw University dedicated a National Historic Chemical Landmark, which includes his bust and a plaque located at the Indiana campus. Summing up his life and legacy, the inscription on the plaque reads: In 1935, in Minshall Laboratory, DePauw alumnus Percy L. Julian (1899-1975) first synthesized the drug physostigmine, previously only available from its natural source, the Calabar bean. His pioneering research led to the process that made physostigmine readily available for the treatment of glaucoma. It was the first of Julian’s lifetime of achievements in the chemical synthesis of commercially important natural products. Sources â€Å"The Life of Percy Lavon Julian 20.†Ã‚  DePauw University.â€Å"Percy Lavon Julian.†Ã‚  American Chemical Society.ACSpressroom. â€Å"Research of Percy Julian, First Synthesis of Glaucoma Drug, Named National Historic Chemical Landmark.

DIABETES LITERATURE REVIEW Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

DIABETES LITERATURE REVIEW - Essay Example The research was conducted by the National Institute of Health. The method for this particular research was kept very simple where three year cross sectional sample of patients’ electronic health records were accessed and analysed. The research analysed the health records of 21,816 Asians above the age of 35 years. Diabetes was analysed and classified through ICD-9 Codes, laboratory tests, and use of anti-diabetic medication (McNeely, Boyko, 2004). Afterwards, the prevalence of diabetes was analysed in a scientific manner. In terms of the result, it was found that age related prevalence ranged from 5-18% in women and the odds of diabetes in South Asian women were quite high. It was further found that the chances of diabetes were quite high in Asians compared to other populations (Ye, et al, 2009). The prevalence of diabetes was quite high in Asian women mainly because of their diet and lifestyle. Based on the results, it was concluded that the prevalence of diabetes is quite h igh among Asian women compared to other populations (Ye, et al, 2009). Though, obesity was not a major factor leading to diabetes but erratic lifestyle and diet was the major reason behind the prevalence of diabetes among Asian Women. ... an and Pacific Islander Populations: A View from California The overall population of Asian Americans has been increasing at a rapid pace in the United States. Asian Americans include people from India, South East Asia, and Far East and comprise around 4.7% of the total US population. As per the National Health Survey, participants from Asian subgroups were asked questions on their understanding of diabetes in them and around 14% of Asian Indians reported to be having diabetes (Kanaya, et al, 2008).The method for the survey was kept simple based on the analysis of genetic, behavioral, and socio-cultural factors. It was found that in terms of the genetics, various participants suffer from diabetes because of the involvement of genes while many suffer from the insulin secretory defects. In terms of the behavioural factors, it was found that obesity is one of the major factors in diabetes and majority of participants were suffering from the obesity issues. Asian Indians and Filipinos we re found to have more obesity issues. In terms of socio-cultural factors, it was found that low economic status was one of the major reasons behind the prevalence of diabetes (Kanaya, et al, 2008). In terms of the results, it was found that, demographic, socio-cultural, behavioral, and psychological factors play an important and major role in deciding the prevalence of diabetes among Asians. The chances of diabetes were supposed to be higher in South Asian women mainly because of their diet and obesity issues. Moreover, cultural issues like lack of physical movement outside the home and little awareness on the issue of diabetes were factors behind the rise of diabetes in Asians especially in South Asian women. Based on the results, it was concluded that the goals for diabetes prevention and

Introduction to Criminal Justice Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Introduction to Criminal Justice - Coursework Example Another problem with UCR is that it only reports the most serious offense and does not collect all important pieces of information. To improve the reliability and validity of UCR data efforts are being done to improve how crime statistics will be reported and collected. Apart from UCR, there is now the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) which aims to provide a more detailed crime statistics and collect information in a more categorized and defines ways. 2. Victimization surveys refer to the method of questioning the victims of a crime about their experiences. These surveys collect a more detailed information about the crime incident, for instance when and where it occurred, how was the crime executed, and whether the victim was related to the offender. The advantages of Victimization surveys are: (1) provides more accurate estimates on the dark figure crime; (2) collected data help in understanding why some people choose to not report crime events to the law enforcement ; (3) the information gathered provides criminologists further explanation about the association of crime and social interaction that exists between the victim and offender. On the other hand, Victimization Surveys are also perceived to be limited in scope, unreliable due to memory errors, deception, sampling error, and telescoping. 3. Children are deemed to be one special population of crime victims. Since they are young and helpless, it is very easy for them to be abused by older family members. Different forms of abuse (physical, sexual and emotional) and neglect are the usual types of victimization that they confront, and the rate of victimization is on its highest among the youngest children. Another special population of crime victims is the senior citizens group. The usual types of victimization they face are nonfatal violent crime which is at 5%, and property crimes which is at 25%. The third special population of crime victims is the intimate partner. Intimate partners norm ally experience violent acts like murder, rape, robbery, and assault. Approximately, there are 570,000 women offended by their partners. 4. Often, the victims interact with the police in an uncomfortable and apprehensive manner because, first, the victims find the police’s process of questioning intimidating and, second, the victims are virtually always anxious about the result of the investigation which poses conflict to the â€Å"slowly but surely† process of the police. Similarly, the victims also feel uncomfortable and intimated whenever they interact with the prosecutors because of direct confrontation and vandalizing their property. In terms of the victims’ interaction with the parole boards, the conflict between the victims and parole boards usually arises when their offender receives an early release order, not to mention that majority of the parole boards give less credit to the statemenst of the victims. 5. The four main goals of punishment are general deterrence, specific deterrence, incapacitation, and retribution. 6. A punishment is deemed effective when, as much as possible, the offender is being punished immediately after the offense, the offenders are well-informed as to why they are being punished, there is consistency in the implementation of punishment, and there exist a strong and healthy relationship between the criminal and the punisher. Generally, punishment in the United