DIABETES LITERATURE REVIEW Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

DIABETES LITERATURE REVIEW - Essay Example The research was conducted by the National Institute of Health. The method for this particular research was kept very simple where three year cross sectional sample of patients’ electronic health records were accessed and analysed. The research analysed the health records of 21,816 Asians above the age of 35 years. Diabetes was analysed and classified through ICD-9 Codes, laboratory tests, and use of anti-diabetic medication (McNeely, Boyko, 2004). Afterwards, the prevalence of diabetes was analysed in a scientific manner. In terms of the result, it was found that age related prevalence ranged from 5-18% in women and the odds of diabetes in South Asian women were quite high. It was further found that the chances of diabetes were quite high in Asians compared to other populations (Ye, et al, 2009). The prevalence of diabetes was quite high in Asian women mainly because of their diet and lifestyle. Based on the results, it was concluded that the prevalence of diabetes is quite h igh among Asian women compared to other populations (Ye, et al, 2009). Though, obesity was not a major factor leading to diabetes but erratic lifestyle and diet was the major reason behind the prevalence of diabetes among Asian Women. ... an and Pacific Islander Populations: A View from California The overall population of Asian Americans has been increasing at a rapid pace in the United States. Asian Americans include people from India, South East Asia, and Far East and comprise around 4.7% of the total US population. As per the National Health Survey, participants from Asian subgroups were asked questions on their understanding of diabetes in them and around 14% of Asian Indians reported to be having diabetes (Kanaya, et al, 2008).The method for the survey was kept simple based on the analysis of genetic, behavioral, and socio-cultural factors. It was found that in terms of the genetics, various participants suffer from diabetes because of the involvement of genes while many suffer from the insulin secretory defects. In terms of the behavioural factors, it was found that obesity is one of the major factors in diabetes and majority of participants were suffering from the obesity issues. Asian Indians and Filipinos we re found to have more obesity issues. In terms of socio-cultural factors, it was found that low economic status was one of the major reasons behind the prevalence of diabetes (Kanaya, et al, 2008). In terms of the results, it was found that, demographic, socio-cultural, behavioral, and psychological factors play an important and major role in deciding the prevalence of diabetes among Asians. The chances of diabetes were supposed to be higher in South Asian women mainly because of their diet and obesity issues. Moreover, cultural issues like lack of physical movement outside the home and little awareness on the issue of diabetes were factors behind the rise of diabetes in Asians especially in South Asian women. Based on the results, it was concluded that the goals for diabetes prevention and

Introduction to Criminal Justice Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Introduction to Criminal Justice - Coursework Example Another problem with UCR is that it only reports the most serious offense and does not collect all important pieces of information. To improve the reliability and validity of UCR data efforts are being done to improve how crime statistics will be reported and collected. Apart from UCR, there is now the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) which aims to provide a more detailed crime statistics and collect information in a more categorized and defines ways. 2. Victimization surveys refer to the method of questioning the victims of a crime about their experiences. These surveys collect a more detailed information about the crime incident, for instance when and where it occurred, how was the crime executed, and whether the victim was related to the offender. The advantages of Victimization surveys are: (1) provides more accurate estimates on the dark figure crime; (2) collected data help in understanding why some people choose to not report crime events to the law enforcement ; (3) the information gathered provides criminologists further explanation about the association of crime and social interaction that exists between the victim and offender. On the other hand, Victimization Surveys are also perceived to be limited in scope, unreliable due to memory errors, deception, sampling error, and telescoping. 3. Children are deemed to be one special population of crime victims. Since they are young and helpless, it is very easy for them to be abused by older family members. Different forms of abuse (physical, sexual and emotional) and neglect are the usual types of victimization that they confront, and the rate of victimization is on its highest among the youngest children. Another special population of crime victims is the senior citizens group. The usual types of victimization they face are nonfatal violent crime which is at 5%, and property crimes which is at 25%. The third special population of crime victims is the intimate partner. Intimate partners norm ally experience violent acts like murder, rape, robbery, and assault. Approximately, there are 570,000 women offended by their partners. 4. Often, the victims interact with the police in an uncomfortable and apprehensive manner because, first, the victims find the police’s process of questioning intimidating and, second, the victims are virtually always anxious about the result of the investigation which poses conflict to the â€Å"slowly but surely† process of the police. Similarly, the victims also feel uncomfortable and intimated whenever they interact with the prosecutors because of direct confrontation and vandalizing their property. In terms of the victims’ interaction with the parole boards, the conflict between the victims and parole boards usually arises when their offender receives an early release order, not to mention that majority of the parole boards give less credit to the statemenst of the victims. 5. The four main goals of punishment are general deterrence, specific deterrence, incapacitation, and retribution. 6. A punishment is deemed effective when, as much as possible, the offender is being punished immediately after the offense, the offenders are well-informed as to why they are being punished, there is consistency in the implementation of punishment, and there exist a strong and healthy relationship between the criminal and the punisher. Generally, punishment in the United